High Performance Textiles

High Performance Textiles

ITS 96th Scientific Session Report:
'High Performance Textiles'

96th Scientific Session 'High Performance Textiles'& 195th Board of Directors’ Meeting

The 96th Technical Session ‘High Performance Textiles’ of the Institute of Textile Science was held on 14 April 2004 at Industry Canada in Ottawa. ITS President, Dawn Carrick and Industry Canada’s Nita Saville and Bernard Ouellet welcomed distinguished speakers and participants. It was stressed that the Institute of Textile Science Canada is an important catalyst for of the industry the exchange and sharing of information among our key textile players, critical to new developments and growth.

This follows a highly successful October 2003 ITS 95th Scientific Session ‘From Silk to High Tech’ held in Kingston. Industry Canada kindly hosted the 96th ITS Scientific Session. The Institute of Textile Science Canada is pleased to welcome the record number of participants in the 96th technical session in Ottawa.

ITS Vice-President, Dr Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, of TexTek Solutions, chaired the 96th Scientific Session: ‘High Performance Textiles’. Four distinguished speakers made their resourceful presentations with an insightful and interactive Q&A period. Many participants’ meaningful interactions made the Q&A session more interesting. Dr Betty Crown of University of Alberta and Dr Lena Horne of University of Manitoba made remarkable contributions in this session.


L>R: Sean Procunier, Tac Wear Inc.; Dr. J. F. Ouellette, DuPont Canada; Dawn Carrick, DND; Erhardt Schumann, Dupont Canada; Peter Aspley, Invista; Darko Medved, Ivodex Enterprises Inc.; Dr. Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, TexTek Solutions; Jerry Bauerle, BodyCote Ortech

Dr. J. F. Ouellette of DuPont Canada, Mississauga presented his research, ‘Chemical and Particulate Protective Clothing for National Defence’ with an overview of the applications for protective garments in Law Enforcement and National Defence. He highlighted R&D initiatives around the various levels of protection, garment construction, fabric differentiation as well as present and future applications.

Peter Aspley of Invista made a unique presentation on behalf of Rego Bespoke Clothiers. The FITTER TM is the world’s first electronic measurement system made by retailers for retailers - the next best thing to cloning tailors. Of particular interest – measuring for uniforms from remote locations.

Sean Procunier of Tac Wear Inc., Scarborough, Ontario presented “Performance Apparel for Law Enforcement and National Defence” with an overview of the applications for performance apparel garments in Law Enforcement and National Defence as well as information about performance fabrics, garment construction, present and future end uses.


L>R: Richard Cormier, the CTT Group and Marcel Daoust, CIMEQ

Marcel Daoust of CIMEQ and Richard Cormier of the CTT Group, Quebec presented “Smart Textiles: The Intelligent Textile Technological Alliance Project.” This presentation was focused on the latest developments in the field of “smart textiles” with details of a new Canadian ITTA initiative that has been formed to assist companies with the development of smart textile solutions that will meet the practical needs of consumers, industry organizations and institutions.

ITS Treasurer, Jerry Bauerle of BodyCote Ortech; President, Dawn Carrick of DND and Past President, Erhardt Schumann of Dupont Canada presented tokens of appreciation to the distinguished speakers. This year, ITS welcomes two new members: John Winship of Gentex Corporation, Carbondale, PA and Majibur Rahman Khan of Textile System Engineering Dept., Shinshu University, Japan.


Bernard Ouellet, CATIP, Industry Canada

Dawn Carrick, ITS President, chaired the 195th Board of Directors’ Meeting of ITS, held in Industry Canada, Ottawa on 14 April 2004. Among the ITS Board of Directors, Shafiul Islam, Darko Medved, Jerry Bauerle and Erhardt Schumann attended the 195th BODs meeting.

The Institute of Textile Science will be holding its 97th Scientific Session: ‘Cutting Edge Technical Textiles’ on Tuesday, October 20th, 2004 in Missiassuga, Ontario. ITS Canada is inviting guest speakers for the forthcoming scientific sessions. This will be followed by the ITS Annual General Meeting. The 196th ITS Board of Directors Meeting will also take place in Ottawa on October 19th. We welcome you all on October 20th in Mississauga.

By: Shafiul A. Islam; PhD, CText FTI
Vice-President, Institute of Textile Science Canada
Chair, ITS 96th Scientific Session ‘High Performance Textiles’

Download ITS 96th Scientific Session Program & Registration Form

High Performance Textiles: http://textilescience.ca/sessions_96th.html: 

সৌজন্যে: TexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value

শফিউল ইসলাম

ইমেইল:   shafiul_i@yahoo.com :: ওয়েবঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009

Textile and Apparel Exports/Imports

হোম টেক্সটাইল Textile and Apparel Exports/Imports

Textile and Apparel Exports/Imports

লিখেছেন Shafiul Islam

Saturday, 04 August 2012

উৎসর্গঃ সৃস্টির সেবক, রেডিও আবিস্কারক স্যার জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু - যার স্পর্শে পৃথিবী ধন্য! Textile and Apparel Exports/Imports Trade Horizons: Canada, US and Beyond, S Islam, The Textile Journal, Mar-Apr, 2004, 121 (2) 34-40 [PDF ফাইল] shafarticlectj121ma2004.pdf   প্রকাশিত: The Textile Journal, Mar-Apr, 2004, 121 (4) 34-40 সৌজন্যে : TexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value Textile and Apparel Exports/Imports  : http://biggani.com/content/view/1738/158/ শফিউল ইসলাম ইমেইল: shafiul_i@yahoo.com   :: ওয়েবঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009

From Silk to High Tech

From Silk to High Tech

ITS 95th Scientific Session Report: 'From Silk to High Tech'

95th Scientific Session 'From Silk to High Tech' & 194th Board of Directors’ Meeting

Dr Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, ITS Vice President, chaired the 194th Board of Directors’ Meeting of ITS, held in Brew Pub, Kingston on 7 October 2003. Erhardt Schumann of DuPont Canada, ITS Past President, and Peter Aspley of Invista, ITS Secretary sponsored the ITS Board of Directors’ Supper Meeting. Among the ITS Board of Directors, Peter Aspley, Shafiul Islam, Peter Marsh, Jerry Bauerle and Erhardt Schumann attended the 194th BODs meeting.

The 95th Scientific Session ‘From Silk to High Tech’ of the Institute of Textile Science was held on 8 October 2003 at Invista in Kingston, Ontario. ITS Past President, Erhardt Schumann, welcomed distinguished speakers and participants.

ITS Vice-President, Dr Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, of TexTek Business Solutions, chaired the 95th Scientific Session: ‘From Silk to High Tech’. Four distinguished speakers made their resourceful presentations with an insightful interactive questions and answers session. Dr Islam welcomed two new members of ITS: Ian Maclean of DIFCO Performance Fabrics and Helena Vaderweerd of Tulmar Safety Systems Inc.

Ekaterina Pasnak, Master of Art Conservation Program, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario presented her research, “Role of Alum in Gelatin Sizing of Silk Supports” – explores whether the alum in sizing accelerates degradation though it makes the silk painting more vibrant and more resistant to decolouration. Ms. Pasnak earned her BA in Art History from the University of Moscow. Her art conservation internships include work at the Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver; the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto and other international museums.

John Winship, Canadian Marketing Manager, Gentex Corporation, Carbondale, PA, presented, “From Silk Manufacturer to High Tech Military Life Support”. Gentex has evolved as a leading developer of military life-support and protective systems. Deeply rooted in textile technology, this presentation highlights over 100 years of product innovation, which includes specialty fabrics and protective devices. Gentex specializes in electro-acoustic products, helmet systems, performance materials and respiratory products span a range of specialty featured products including casualty care systems, flight helmet with nuclear biological and chemical protection and altitude oxygen mask.

Barney E. Bangs CMA, President, Tulmar Safety Systems Inc., Hawkesbury, Ontario, presented “Coated Fabrics to the Rescue”. Tulmar specializes in high quality, well-designed products for aerospace and defense. These include rescue systems, assault boats, inflatable shelters and military vehicle assemblies. The specialized CAD and computerized cutting systems were the key highlights of this high tech product presentation.

Rubber boats with HypalonÔ neoprene fabric (resists up to -47°C) last for 15-20 years. They are easy to repair and are not attacked by damaging hydrocarbons (gas, oil), pollution or UV rays.

Dr Rebecca Goyan, Research Associate, Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, presented her farsighted research “Electro Spinning – Nano Fibers and More”. She illustrated the basic concepts of electrostatic spinning to produce nano fibers from volatile polar solvent. These ultra fine fibers can incorporate functional groups such as antibiotics, enzymes, antibodies, etc. for a wide range of applications.

10-30kV was used to extrude fine dia. 0.2mm fibers. This yields high surface to volume ratio. Some prospective applications include separation membrane, biomedical, nanocomposites, protective clothing etc. They key technological challenges yet to overcome – high range of diameter distribution and consistency in mechanical properties. Her research interests span a range of innovations for specialty lubricants, chemical and biological protection suites, and controlled targeted drug delivery.



Pictured above L>R: Dr Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, TexTek Business Solutions; Peter Aspley, Invista; Jerry Bauerle, BodyCote Ortech; Dr. Rebecca Goyan, Royal Military College; Erhardt Schumann, Dupont Canada; Ekaterina Pasnak, Queen’s University, Barney Bangs, Tulmar Safety Systems Inc.; Peter Marsh, PLM Consulting Ltd.; John Winship, Gentex Corporation; Darko Medved, Ivodex Enterprises Inc.

ITS Treasurer, Jerry Bauerle, of BodyCote Ortech, Director, Darko Medved of Ivodex; Secretary, Peter Aspley of Invista and Past President, Erhardt Schumann of Dupont Canada presented token of gifts and appreciations to the distinguished speakers. Finally Peter Aspley of Invista hosted Textile Lab Tour for the participants of the scientific session.

The Institute of Textile Science will be holding its 96th Scientific Session on Tuesday, April 13th, in Ottawa, Ontario. This will be followed by the ITS Annual General Meeting. The 195th ITS Board of Directors Meeting will also take place in Ottawa on April 12th. We welcome you all on April 13th in Ottawa.

References:
1. Institute of Textile Science Website, www.geocities.com/shafiul_i/its
2. Gentex Corporation, www.gentexcorp.com
3. Tulmar Safety Systems Inc., www.tulmar.com
4. Orca Inflatables, www.orca-inflatables.com
5. Canadian Textile Journal, www.webctj.com

By: Shafiul A. Islam; PhD, CText FTI
Vice-President, Institute of Textile Science
Chair, ITS 95th Scientific Session ‘From Silk to High Tech’

ITS 95th Scientific Session Digital Photographs by Jerry Bauerle, Treasurer, ITS

From Silk to High Tech : http://textilescience.ca/sessions_95th.html

সৌজন্যে: TexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value

শফিউল ইসলাম

ইমেইল:   shafiul_i@yahoo.com :: ওয়েবঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009

Fibers & Beyond

Fibers & Beyond

ITS 94th Scientific Session Report: 'Fibers & Beyond'

94th Scientific Session ‘Fibres & Beyond’ & 193rd Board of Directors’ Meeting

Dawn Carrick, ITS President, chaired the 193rd Board of Directors’ Meeting of ITS, held in Milestones Restaurant at Mississauga on 15 April 2003. Erhardt Schumann of DuPont Canada, ITS Past President, sponsored the ITS Board of Directors’ Supper Meeting.

The 94th Scientific Session ‘Fibres & Beyond’ of the Institute of Textile Science was held on 16 April 2003 at BodyCote Ortech Inc. in Mississauga, Ontario. ITS President, Dawn Carrick, welcomed distinguished speakers and participants. She introduced the ITS Board of Directors: Peter Aspley, Shafiul Islam, Jerry Bauerle and Darko Medved to the participants and speakers.

ITS Vice-President, Dr. Shafiul Islam, CText FTI, of TexTek Business Solutions, chaired the 94th Scientific Session: ‘Fibers & Beyond’. Three distinguished speakers made their resourceful presentations with an insightful interactive questions and answers session.



Clark McAlpine, Vice President – Operations, Coats-Bell, Arthur, Ontario presented ‘The World of Industrial Sewing Thread – From the Global Supplier’ - an overview of the types of spun and filament threads available and their properties that are engineered to specific end uses. A visual tour of a thread manufacturing plant was presented.



Dr Edward Tokarsky, Research Associate – Fluoro Products, E.I. DuPont de Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware, presented his research, ‘New Generation Teflon® ETFE Performance Fibers’. DuPont ETFE fiber delivers high performance for outdoor and Industrial applications. This fibre has superior resistance to most chemicals, solvents, weathering & UV exposure even at elevated temperatures. This was the first presentation in Canada of this revolutionary fibre.



John Alexander, Director – Sales and Marketing, ABC Netting, Brampton, Ontario, presented ‘Industrial Applications for Raschel and Tricot Knitted Net and Fabric’. ABC Netting specializes in the warp knitting of knotless netting and industrial fabric using Raschel and Tricot machines. A variety of fibres are used to produce netting for a myriad of industrial, aquaculture, and sports-related end uses.

ITS Director, Darko Medved of Ivodex; Secretary, Peter Aspley of Dupont Canada; and President, Dawn Carrick of DND presented token of gifts and appreciations to the distinguished speakers. Finally ITS Treasurer, Jerry Bauerle, and Dr. Andy Sinclair of BodyCote Ortech hosted Textile Lab Tour for the participants of the session.

The Institute of Textile Science will be holding its 95th Scientific Session on Wednesday, October 8th, at DuPont in Kingston, Ontario. This will be followed by the ITS Annual General Meeting. We welcome you all on October 8th in Kingston.


Shafiul A. Islam; PhD, CText FTI
Vice-President, ITS
Chair, ITS 94th Scientific Session ‘Fibres & Beyond’
&
Peter J. Aspley
General Secretary, ITS


ITS 94th Scientific Session Digital Photographs by Jerry Bauerle, Treasurer, ITS 

Fibers & Beyond : http://textilescience.ca/sessions_94th.html 

সৌজন্যে: TexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value

শফিউল ইসলাম

ইমেইল:   shafiul_i@yahoo.com :: ওয়েবঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009

Pick Spreading with Specific Reference to Set Marks

Pick Spreading with Specific Reference to Set Marks

এপ্রিল ২২, ২০১২ | টেক্সটাইল| লিখেছেন Shafiul | Leave a reply

[PDF ফাইল]

shafarticlectj118so2001.pdf

প্রকাশিত: Canadian Textile Journal, 2001, 118 (5) 23-27 সৌজন্যে: TexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value Pick Spreading with Specific Reference to Set Marks শফিউল ইসলাম ইমেইল:   shafiul_i@yahoo.com :: ওয়েবঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009

Textile Units Calculations - Conversions

Shafiul/TexUnits.doc  02ix01

Mind Mapping Textile Fiber Yarn Filament FYF Count Units

Everything we do, everything we see, and everywhere we go can be measured in one kind of unit or another.  Measuring in units lets us compare one form with another, and helps us figure out how far away, or how heavy, an object is.  It also tells us how long it takes you to do something.  We can even measure wind!  Read on and find out textile units in perspective.  We are often challenged to reproduce specific sample specimen without even any specific technical information.  The product component parameters of fiber, filament and yarn are critical for

FYF Count Units Multiplication Factors

Count - FYF	To Obtain
	Tex	ktex	dtex	mtex	mtex	den (d)	Nm	Ne
Multiply	By
Tex	1	10-3	10	102	106	9	*	**
Kilotex (ktex)	103	1	104	105	109	9000
Decitex (dtex)	10-1	10-4	1	10	105	9´10-1
Millitex (mtex)	10-2	10-5	10	1	104	9´10-2
Microtex (mtex)	10-6	10-9	10-5	10-4	1	9´10-6
Denier (d)	0.111	111.111	1.111	11.111	1.1´105	1
Nm	*						1
Ne	**							1
Formula	g/km	kg/km	deci g/km	mg/km	mg/km	g/9km	km/kg	840yds/lb

* Nm ´ Tex = 1000 (?),  ** Ne ´ Tex = 590.5,  Ne ´ 1.6933 = Nm

Stregth - FYF	To Obtain: Tenacity, Strength, Modulus, Toughness
	cN/tex	cN/dtex	g/d	psi	kPa	MPa	GPa
Multiply	By
cN/tex	1	10-3	10	102	106	9	*	**
cN/dtex	103	1	104	105	109	9000
g/d	10-1	10-4	1	10	105	9´10-1
psi	10-2	10-5	10	1	104	9´10-2
kPa	10-6	10-9	10-5	10-4	1	9´10-6
MPa	0.111	111.111	1.111	11.111	1.1´105	1
GPa	*						1
	**							1
Formula	g/km	kg/km	deci g/km	mg/km	mg/km	g/9km	km/kg	840yds/lb

g/m = 9000 denier,  gpd = 11.33/r Gpa,  kgf = 9.806 N

Textile Units

Area

m² = yd² ´ 0.8361

Bursting Pressure

kN/m² = lbf/in² ´ 6.89

Cover factor – woven fabrics

(threads/cm) Ö (tex) ´ 10^-1

(threads/cm) Ö (tex) ´ 10^-2 = [(threads/in) /Ö (cotton count Ne)] ´ 0.0957

Cover factor – weft-knitted fabrics

Ö (tex) / stitch length (mm) = 1 / stitch length (in) ´ 1 / Ö (worsted count)] ´ 1.172

Diameter

d (mm) = Ö [denier / (r ´ 7068)]

d (mm) = Ö [denier / (r ´ 7068)] ´ 10³

d (nm) = Ö [denier / (r ´ 7068)] ´ 10⁶

d = 2 Ö (mass / rpl)

d (in) = (28ÖNe)^-1

App. staple fiber yarn d = Ötex / 678.6

Diameter, Thickness, Length, Width

nm = in ´ 2.54 ´ 10⁷

mm = in ´ 2.54 ´ 10⁴

mm = in ´ 25.4

cm = in ´ 2.54

m = in ´ 0.0254

m = yd ´ 0.9144

1 km = .6214 miles

Energy, Work to Rupture

1 J = 0.1020 kgf.m

1 J = 0.7376 ft.lb

1 kgf.m = 9.807 J

1 kgf.m = 7.234 ft.lb

1 ft.lb = 1.356 J

1 ft.lb = 0.1383 kgf.m

Force

1 lbf = 4.448 N

1 kgf = 9.807 N

1 kgf = 2.2046 lbf

1 gf = 0.981 cN

Linear density

tex = denier ´ 0.111

tex = 590.5 / English cotton count Ne

tex = 1000 / Metric count Nm

mtex = denier ´ 11.1111

dtex = denier ´ 1.1111

dtex = tex ´ 10

dtex = 10000 / Nm

dtex = 5905 / Ne

dtex = 14,880,000 / ft/lb

ktex = denier ´ 111.1111

mtex = denier ´ 1.1111 ´ 10⁵

den = dtex / 1.1111

Nm = 1.6933 ´ Ne

Nm = 10000 / dtex

Nm = 9000 / den

Mass

1 kg = 2.2046 lb

kg = lb ´ 0.4536

t = ton ´ 0.9842

1 oz = 28.35 g

mass = volume ´ density

Mass per Unit Area

g/m² = oz/yd² ´ 33.91

Modulus, pressure, tenacity

1 atm = 1.01325 bar

1 atm = 14.696 psi

1 atm = 1.0332 kg/cm²

1 atm = 0.133322 kpa

Breaking load, breaking force. breaking strength, tearing strength, tensile strength

mN = gf ´ 9.81

N = lbf ´ 4.45

daN = kgf ´ 0.981

N = kgf ´ 0.0981

Pressure, Stress

1 Pa = 1.45 ´ 10^-4 psi

1 psi = 6895 Pa

Tenacity, Stress, Modulus, Toughness

mN/tex = gf/den ´ 88.3

cN/tex = g/den ´ 8.827

1 cN/tex = 1 mN/dtex

1 g/den = 8.827 cN/tex

tenacity = max tensile force / linear density

gpd = 11.33 / r GPa

Twist, Twist factor

TPM = TPI ´ 39.37

TPM Ö (tex) ´ 10^-2 = [TPI /Ö (cotton count Ne)] ´ 9.57

Threads in cloth

Length: picks/cm = picks/in ´ 0.3937

Width, Warp threads in Loom: ends/cm = ends/in ´ 0.3937

courses/cm = courses/in ´ 0.3937

wales/cm = wales/in ´ 0.3937

Viscosity:  cP =  (100/RPM) * TK * SMC * Torque

1 mPa.s = 1 cP

Shear Stress dynes/cm² :  TK * SMC * SRC * Torque

1 N/m² = 10 dyne/cm²

Shear Rate: s^-1 = RPM * SRC

Torque: 1 N-m = 10⁷ dyne-cm

Volume

l = pint ´ 0.5682

l = gallon ´ 4.546

volume = mass / density

fiber volume = cross sectional area ´ length = pr²l

Definitions of the Seven Basic S I Units

metre [m]

The metre is the basic unit of length. It is the distance light travels, in a vacuum, in 1/299792458th of a second.

kilogram [kg]

The kilogram is the basic unit of mass. It is the mass of an international prototype in the form of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at Sevres in France. It is now the only basic unit still defined in terms of a material object, and also the only one with a prefix[kilo] already in place.

second [s]

The second is the basic unit of time. It is the length of time taken for 9192631770 periods of vibration of the caesium-133 atom to occur.

ampere [A]

The ampere is the basic unit of electric current. It is that current which produces a specified force between two parallel wires which are 1 metre apart in a vacuum.It is named after the French physicist Andre Ampere (1775-1836).

kelvin [K]

The kelvin is the basic unit of temperature. It is 1/273.16th of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. It is named after the Scottish mathematician and physicist William Thomson 1st Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).

mole [mol]

The mole is the basic unit of substance. It is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

candela [cd]

The candela is the basic unit of luminous intensity. It is the intensity of a source of light of a specified frequency, which gives a specified amount of power in a given direction.

Derived Units of the S I

From the 7 basic units of the S I many other units are derived for a variety of purposes. Only some of them are explained here. The units printed in bold are either basic units or else, in some cases, are themselves derived.

farad [F]

The farad is the SI unit of the capacitance of an electrical system, that is, its capacity to store electricity. It is a rather large unit as defined and is more often used as a microfarad. It is named after the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867).

hertz [Hz]

The hertz is the SI unit of the frequency of a periodic phenomenon. One hertz indicates that 1 cycle of the phenomenon occurs every second. For most work much higher frequencies are needed such as the kiloherz [kHz] and megaherz [MHz]. It is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Herz (1857-94).

joule [J]

The joule is the SI unit of work or energy. One joule is the amount of work done when an applied force of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force.It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-89).

newton [N]

The newton is the SI unit of force. One newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second. It is named after the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).

ohm [W]

The ohm is the SI unit of resistance of an electrical conductor. Its symbol, shown here as [W] is the Greek letter known as 'omega'. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854).

pascal [Pa]

The pascal is the SI unit of pressure. One pascal is the pressure generated by a force of 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre. It is a rather small unit as defined and is more often used as a kilopascal [kP]. It is named after the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-62).

volt [V]

The volt is the SI unit of electric potential. One volt is the difference of potential between two points of an electical conductor when a current of 1 ampere flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt. It is named after the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Giuseppe Anastasio Volta (1745-1827).

watt [W]

The watt is used to measure power or the rate of doing work. One watt is a power of 1 joule per second. It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-1819).

Note that prefixes may be used in conjunction with any of the above units.

The Prefixes of the S I

The S I allows the sizes of units to be made bigger or smaller by the use of appropriate prefixes. For example, the electrical unit of a watt is not a big unit even in terms of ordinary household use, so it is generally used in terms of 1000 watts at a time. The prefix for 1000 is kilo so we use kilowatts[kW] as our unit of measurement. For makers of electricity, or bigger users such as industry, it is common to use megawatts[MW] or even gigawatts[GW]. The full range of prefixes with their [symbols or abbreviations] and their multiplying factors which are also given in other forms is

                    yotta [Y] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000                  = 1024

                    zetta [Z] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000                           = 1021

                    exa   [E] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000                                   = 1018

                    peta  [P] 1 000 000 000 000 000                                           = 1015

                    tera  [T] 1 000 000 000 000                                                    = 1012          

                    giga  [G] 1 000 000 000                                          (a thousand millions = a billion)

                    mega  [M] 1 000 000                                              (a million)

                    kilo  [k] 1 000                                                           (a thousand)

                                           1

                    milli [m] 0.001                                                          (a thousandth)

                    micro [m] 0.000 001                                                 (a millionth)

                    nano  [n] 0.000 000 001                                         (a thousand millionth)

                    pico  [p] 0.000 000 000 001                                                    = 10-12

                    femto [f] 0.000 000 000 000 001                                          = 10-15

                    atto  [a] 0.000 000 000 000 000 001                                    = 10-18

                    zepto [z] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001                           = 10-21

                    yocto [y] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001                  = 10-24

All of the S I prefixes are multiples or sub-multiples of 1000. However, these are inconvenient for many purposes and so hecta (x 100), deca (x 10), deci (x 0.1), and centi (x 0.01) are also used.