Sunday, 18 March 2007

Bioactive Silk Proteins as Geotextile Substrates



Bioactive Silk Proteins as Geotextile Substrates
Masuhiro Tsukada1, Shafiul Islam2 and Yoshio Ishiguro3


 
1)    National Institute of Sericultural & Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
2)    TexTek Solutions, Ontario, Canada.   textek.weebly.com    textek@gmail.com
3)   Center for Food Quality, Labeling & Consumer Services, Nakadori, Yokohama 231-0003 Japan
 

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Sueo Kawabata, CText FTI (1931-2001)

 

Abstract

There is a wave of interest in using natural textile substrates in diverse bioengineering applications1-9 such as soil erosion and sedimentation control designs especially in environmentally sensitive areas. This research article evaluates the tensile properties and morphological features of silk fibers as a function of degree of biodegradation, burring time in the soil.

Introduction
Natural biopolymers including silk proteins seem critical geotextile materials as microorganisms decompose them gradually.  Silk fibers provide superior performance as a bioactive surgical suture even under the most demanding medical conditions.  Silk fibers are conducive to living cells growth that attached on the surface of silk fibers.

We studied the in vitro biodegradation of silk fibers and films with proteolytic enzymes and examined the tensile properties of silk fibers with increasing incubation time1.  We used silk protein fibers considering their potential geotextile applications, examined their tensile properties and morphological features as biodegradable geotextile substrates.

Experimental

Materials

Silk fibers2 with different chemical compositions are obtained from domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori and wild silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. Degummed silk fibers obtained by reeling the cocoons fibers were buried in the horticultural gardening soil (Kompal, Bark Compost Association, Tokyo) up to 3 months.  The temperature was maintained at around 24-30 °C throughout the experiment under moist condition by sprinkling water every 2-5 days to enhance biodegradation process.

Measurements

The tensile properties of silk fibers were evaluated by Tensilon UTM-II (Orientec, Tokyo) under standard conditions with 500 gf load-cell, 100 mm gauge length and 40 mm/min strain rate.   The surface morphology was examined with a JOEL JAX-333S scanning electron microscope (SEM), after gold coating at 15 keV acceleration voltage.

Results and discussions
Tensile properties
Table 1 compares the tensile properties of silk fibers, which were buried in soil for predetermined periods.  The tensile strength, elongation and moduli of Bombyx mori and Antheraea pernyi silk fiber buried in the ground decreases with increasing burring times.  It is obvious that the tensile strength of Antheraea pernyi Tussah silk fibers deteriorates more rapidly than Bombyx mori silk fiber, when they are buried in the soil.  

Table 1: Biodegradation of silk fibers under the soil

Bombyx mori silk
Tussah silk
Tensile Parameters
Embedding Period (months)

0
1
2
0
1
2
Strength (gf)
3.5
1.8
1
3.6
1
0.3
Elongation (%)
15.5
7
5.2
40.1
29
21
Modulus (kg/mm2)
850
760
380
730
322
205




Textiles & Clothing Bangladesh :: Jan-Feb-Mar 2007
Morphology

10 Îŧm
 
















20 Îŧm
 

Fig. 1 Biodegradation of Bombyx mori silk fibre


Fig. 2 Biodegradation: Antheraea Pernyi silk fibre




Figure 1 and 2 shows the Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM images: biodegradation features of Bombyx mori and Antheraea Pernyi silk fibers, respectively, which were buried under the soil for 2 months.  Silk fibers prior to decomposition tests were apparently smooth.  It is apparent that the microorganisms eroded the Antheraea pernyi fiber surface and created numerous voids, while less voids are distinct on the Bombyx mori silk fiber probably due to their ordered dense microstructures.
Conclusion
The microorganisms in the soil do not practically decompose artificial polymers, such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyester.  This creates enormous environmental concerns.  The biodegradation of protein polymers offers significant advantages from additional recycling and decomposition. Silk’s excellent inherent tensile properties and subsequent biodegradability makes them unique geotextile materials.

The potential grafting, coating and engineering scopes to tailor specialized functional features to bioactive natural protein polymers have created a wave of interest in demanding applications1-9.  

At the outset silk protein fibers exhibit excellent tensile properties, their inherent properties decrease as a function of burring periods due to their time dependent degradation by various   microorganisms in the burring soil.  The decay in tensile properties of tussah silk fibers was higher than that of Bombyx mori silk, which matched the finding - tussah silk fiber contained highly porous microstructure, such as visual voids4 with large size and leaf-pleated sheet structure within the silk fiber.  This leads to rapid degradation of tussah silk fiber following decomposition by various microorganisms contrary to Bombyx mori silk fibers with highly consolidated microstructure, yielded a slow rate of biodegradation than that of tussah silk fibers.

Silk fibers are fairly expensive compared to other natural fibers, cotton and cellulose and as well as commonly used artificial man made fibers. We can however cut costs by using silk fibrous by-products. Silk fibers exhibit excellent elastic modulus and high absorbency5. Since living cells grow cohesively on the surface of silk substrates - these biophysical properties are critical for certain geotextile applications.

References
1. T Arai, G Freddi, R Innocenti, M Tsukada, Biodegradation of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Fibers and Films, J. of Appl. Poly. Sci., 91, 2383-2390, 2004
2. M Tsukada et al., Structural Changes of Silk Fibers Induced by Heat-Treatment, J.of Appl. Poly. Sci., 46, 1945-1953, 1992
3. S Islam, Synthetic Silk Synthesis, Technitex Symposium, BTTG, Leeds, UK 6-7 Nov, 2002
4. T Narumi, M. Kobayashi, A Method of Morphometry for Voids in Saturniidae Cocoon Filaments Using Image Processing Techniques, J. Seri. Sci. of Japan, 64, 203-208, 1995
5. S Islam, et al., Methods and apparatus for spinning spider silk protein, USP 7,057,023 Jun 6, 2006
6. M Tsukada, S Islam et al., Antibiotic Silk Substrates for Healthcare, Text. J. 121(5) 47-49, 2004
7. C Karatzas, S Islam et al., High-toughness Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble rc-Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells, Biopolymers, Vol. 8: Polyamides and Complex Proteinaceous Materials II: Chapter 5, ISBN 3-527-30223-9, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim Germany. Apr 97-117, 2003
8. M Tsukada, S Islam et al., Microwave Irradiation Technique to Enhance Protein Fiber Properties, Autex Res. J. 5(1) 40-48, 2005
9. M Tsukada, S Islam et al., Enhancing Sorption Properties of Natural Fibrous Protein Substrates.  Part I: Absorption of malodorous gases, Text. J., 121(6) 48-50, 2004

TTS :: NIAS R&D Initiative
:: 20060906 ::
::::

Thursday, 15 March 2007

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া

by Shafiul Islam on Saturday, October 15, 2011 at 11:02am ·

āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāϰ্āĻ—ঃ  āϏৃāϏ্āϟিāϰ āϏেāĻŦāĻ•, āϰেāĻĄিāĻ“ āφāĻŦিāϏ্āĻ•াāϰāĻ• āϏ্āϝাāϰ āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļ āϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻŦāϏু - āϝাāϰ āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী āϧāύ্āϝ!

āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া। āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻŦিāĻĻ। āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻŽিāϞāϏ্‌ āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰেāĻļāύেāϰ āωāĻĒ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāĻ•।
ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŦāϰ্āώে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĸাāĻ•া āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻ…āϧীāύে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻ…āĻĢ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āχāĻž্āϜিāύি⧟াāϰিং āĻāύ্āĻĄ āϟেāĻ•āύোāϞāϜি āĻšāϤে āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϤে ā§Ē āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻŽে⧟াāĻĻী āĻĄিāĻ—্āϰী āĻ•োāϰ্āϏে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϜীāĻŦāύ āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰি। āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āϰাāϜāύীāϤিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি,āϏেāĻļāύ āϜāϟেāϰ āϜāϟিāϞāϤা⧟ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰāϜীāĻŦāύ। āϏāĻšāĻĒাāĻ ী āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟা āĻĒāĻĨ āĻšেāϟেāĻ›ি āĻāĻ•āϏাāĻĨে। āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻ•āϞেāϜে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ—ā§œাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻĻ্āϧা।
āϏāϤ্āϝেāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻāĻ•āϟাāχ। āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻ…āύিāύ্āĻĻ্āϝ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ। āφāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύেāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻ…āϏীāĻŽ। āφāϰ āϤাāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āφāϜāĻ“ āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āϚāϞেāĻ›ি-āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝ⧟ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻļ্āϰুāϤি āύি⧟ে, āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āφāĻ—াāĻŽীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļা⧟।
āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĢিāϰে TexTek Solutions āĻ“ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύী.com-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ি āĻšāχ āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύেāϰ। āĻļুāύুāύ āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāϞাāĻĒāϚাāϰিāϤাāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻŦিāĻļেāώঃ

āĻļāĻĢিāωāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ : āĻļুāĻ­েāϚ্āĻ›া āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­িāύāύ্āĻĻāύ। āĻĒāĻĻোāύ্āύāϤি āĻ“ āύāϤুāύ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•েāĻŽāύ āϞাāĻ—āĻ›ে?
āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ : āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āφāύāύ্āĻĻেāϰ, āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤীāχ āφāύāύ্āĻĻāĻĻা⧟āĻ•। āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĻূāϰ্āύাāĻŽ āĻ›া⧜া। āϤাāχ āύāϤুāύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻŦী āĻ“ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ­াāϞো āϞাāĻ—āĻ›ে।

āĻļ. āχ. : āĻŦāĻ—ু⧜াāϰ āĻŽে⧟ে āϤুāĻŽি। āϤোāĻŽাāϰ āĻļৈāĻļāĻŦ āĻ•েāĻŽāύ āĻ•েāϟেāĻ›ে?
āφ.āϰ. : āĻŦāĻ—ু⧜াāϰ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻļৈāĻļāĻŦ, āĻ•ৈāĻļāϰ,āϝৌāĻŦāύ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻŦāϏāĻŦাāϏ āĻĸাāĻ•াāϤে। āϤাāχ āφāϰ āĻĻāĻļ-āĻĒাঁāϚāϟা āĻŽে⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϤ āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻļৈāĻļāĻŦ āĻ›িāϞ āφāύāύ্āĻĻāĻĻা⧟āĻ• āĻ“ āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āϰোāĻŽাāĻž্āϚāĻ•āϰ।

āĻļ. āχ. :     āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻĒেāĻļা āĻ•েāύ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āύিāϞে?
āφ.āϰ. :     āĻ›োāϟāĻŦেāϞা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφঁāĻ•াāφঁāĻ•িāϤে āĻŦেāĻļ āĻšাāϤ āĻ›িāϞ। āϤাāχ āĻ­েāĻŦেāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ āφāϰ্āĻ•িāϟেāĻ•āϚাāϰ-āĻ āĻĒ⧜āĻŦ।āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏেāĻ–াāύে āϚাāύ্āϏ āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ āύা। āφāϰ āĻĄাāĻ•্āϤাāϰিāϤে āϚাāύ্āϏ āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ āϤাāĻ“ āĻĸাāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে। āĻŦাāĻŦা āĻŽাāĻ•ে āĻ›ে⧜ে āĻ•োāĻĨাāĻ“ āϝাāĻŦ āύা। āϤাāχ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļেāώে āĻŦাāĻŦাāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›া⧟ āĻāχ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āχāĻž্āϜিāύি⧟াāϰিং-āĻ āĻ­āϰ্āϤি āĻšāϞাāĻŽ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে  āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āχāĻž্āϜিāύি⧟াāϰিং-āĻ āĻ­াāϞোāĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻĒ⧜াāĻļোāύা āĻ•āϰāϞাāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ āϞাāχāύে āĻ­াāϞোāĻ­াāĻŦে āϚাāĻ•ুāϰী āĻ•āϰে āĻāϤāĻĻূāϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϝাāϤ্āϰা। āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŽিāϞি⧟ে āĻŽāύে āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦাāĻŦা āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨেāχ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ।

āĻļ. āχ. :        āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§Žā§Ļ%  āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύী āĻ†ā§Ÿ āφāϏে āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĨেāĻ•ে। āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ি?
āφ. āϰ. :      āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύী āĻ†ā§Ÿ āφāϏেāχ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻšāϤে। āφāϰ āĻāχ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āϤেāĻŽāύি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ি। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϞা āϝা⧟ āϝে, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦেāĻļী āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϝোāĻ—িāϤাāϰ āĻ—ুāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻŽাāύ, āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĄিāϜাāχāύ, āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āĻŽ্āϝাāϟেāϰি⧟াāϞ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻĒāϰি āĻ•োāϟাāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāϏা āϝা āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āφāĻ—েāϰ āϤুāϞāύা⧟ āĻ­াāϞো āφāĻ›ে। āφāϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰে āϝেāĻŽāύ- āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āĻĄ āϞিংāĻ•েāϜ, āϝা āĻ•িāύা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āϘাāϟāϤি āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে। āύāϤুāĻŦা āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤাāĻŽ।

āĻļ. āχ. :        āĻāϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা⧟ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰি?
āφ. āϰ. :      āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϤে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āĻĄ āϞিংāĻ•েāϜ-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āĻŽোāĻ•াāĻŦেāϞা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϞে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰী āĻ“ āĻŦেāϏāϰāĻ•াāϰী āĻ­াāĻŦে āωāĻĻ্āĻĻ্āϝেāĻ— āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāϤে āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύāϤুāύ āύāϤুāύ āϏ্āĻĒিāύিং āĻŽিāϞāϏ্‌ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϚেāχāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻĒ্āϰāϏেāϏ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŽিāϞ/āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•্āϟāϰী āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে āĻĢিāύিāĻ•্āϏ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĄাāĻ•্āϟ āĻ—াāϰ্āĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•্āϟāϰী āĻ—āϰে āϤোāϞা। āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা। āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻ—ā§œে āĻ•āϤ āĻ—āϜ āĻ•াāĻĒ⧜(āĻŦুāύāύ), āĻ•āϤ āĻ—āϜ āύীāϟ āĻ•াāĻĒ⧜ āϞাāĻ—āĻŦে, āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•āϤ āĻ—āϜ āϏুāϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āϏে āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āĻĄ āϞিংāĻ•েāϜ-āĻāϰ āĻŽিāϞ/āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•্āϟāϰী āĻ—ā§œে āϤুāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āύāϤুāĻŦা āϰ-āĻŽ্āϝাāϟেāϰি⧟াāϞেāϰ āϘাāϟāϤি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝাāĻŦে āϝা āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļ āĻšāϤে āφāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ›া⧜া āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāχ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒāĻ•ে āϰাāϜāύীāϤিāϰ āφāĻ“āϤাāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
                   āφāĻŽি āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ—্āϰুāĻĒ āĻŦা āϜোāύ āĻ“ā§ŸাāχāϜ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āϏেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞা āϝা⧟ āϝেāĻŽāύ āύীāϟিং, āωāχāĻ­িং, āĻĄাāχং āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•্āϟāϰীāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻāϞাāĻ•াāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϚেāχāύ-āĻ“ā§ŸাāχāϜ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĄাāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻ•āϏ্āϟ āφāϰো āύিāĻŽ্āύে āφāύা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ›া⧜াāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āφāϰো āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻāχ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒেāϰ āφāϰো āωāύ্āύāϤি āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ।

āĻļ. āχ. :        āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āϏেāĻ•্āϟāϰে āωāύ্āύāϤিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ... ...
āφ. āϰ. :      āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞ āϏেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ। āφāϰ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āφāĻļাāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻāχ āϏেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āύি⧟ে āϝা āĻ•িāύা āφāĻ—াāĻŽী ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĒāϰে āφāϰো āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϤে āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύ āϰাāĻ–āĻŦে-āϤা āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ—ুāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĻি⧟ে āĻšোāĻ• āφāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ—āϤ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĻি⧟ে āĻšোāĻ•।āĻāχ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻļুāϧু āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύীāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āύ⧟ āύ⧟, āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰেāĻ“ āĻāϰ āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āĻŦিāϰাāϟ āϝা āĻāĻ–āύো āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒূāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰিāύি। āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰি āφāĻ—াāĻŽী āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰে āϤা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āĻĒূāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϚাāĻšিāĻĻা āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύী āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦে। āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āύāϤুāύ āύāϤুāύ āϟেāĻ•্āϏāϟাāχāϞেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŽিāϞ/āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•্āϟāϰী āĻ—ā§œে āωāĻ āĻŦে āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļাāχ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ি।

Aziza Rahaman Sylvia with the distinguished textile engineers at the ITET Convention in Dhaka 20060302


āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া 

Kritoggota: Mahfuz many thanks for typing this article.
Picture: Aziza Rahaman Sylvia with the distinguished textile engineers at the ITET Convention in Dhaka 20060302
Courtesy of www.biggani.org: http://biggani.com/content/view/376/158/
Published at biggani.org on 15 March 2007
Picture: Aziza Rahaman Sylvia with the distinguished textile engineers at the ITET Convention in Dhaka 20060302
http://biggani.org/?p=118

Last Updated: 20200905

āϏৌāϜāύ্āϝেTexTek Solutions ::  Vision Creates Value
 
āĻļāĻĢিāωāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ

āχāĻŽেāχāϞ: shafiul_i@yahoo.com   :: āĻ“āϝ়েāĻŦঃ textek.weebly.com :: Canada :: www.linkedin.com/in/shafiul2009 
āĻŽāύ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ:
Thanks for the comments on textile
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Baezid, December 07, 2008
Hello Madam,

Thanks for your hope on the textile world esp. Bangladesh. yes, we need to keep the textile sector away from the bloody bangladeshi political people!!!
Thanks,

Baezid /Dhaka

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ:
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ salmaAkter, December 10, 2008


āϏāϤ্āϝেāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻāĻ•āϟাāχ। āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻ…āύিāύ্āĻĻ্āϝ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ। āφāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύেāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻ…āϏীāĻŽ। āφāϰ āϤাāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āφāϜāĻ“ āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āϚāϞেāĻ›ি-āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝ⧟ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻļ্āϰুāϤি āύি⧟ে, āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āφāĻ—াāĻŽীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļা⧟।
Thank you very much.

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ:
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, December 11, 2008

Baezid,
Thanks for your complements! Yes, we can empower our people and politics!!
"amader deshe hobe sei chhele kobe, kothai na borro hoye kaje borro hobe!"
Bolunto ei uktiti kar?
Shuvarthee,
Shafiul.

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ:
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, December 11, 2008

Salma,
Thanks for your complements! āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύেāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻ…āϏীāĻŽ।
"amader deshe hobe sei meye kobe, kothai na borro hoye kaje borro hobe!"
Bolunto ei uktiti kar?
Shuvarthee,
Shafiul.

...
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ salma Akter, February 17, 2009

Original ta chilo Kusum kumari debir r eta apnar!
Thanks a lot .

...
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āĻ•āϞāĻŽ, December 18, 2009


āĻ­াāĻŦāϤে āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ­াāϞো āϞাāĻ—āĻ›ে āϝে āφāĻŽিāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰ............āφāĻĒ্āύাāĻĻেāϰ āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦে āĻāχ āϏেāĻ•্āϟāϰāĻ•ে āĻāĻ—িāĻ‡ā§Ÿে āύেāĻŦাāϰ āφāĻļা āϰাāĻ–ি।।

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, December 21, 2009
Thanks for your thoughts! We can train our brain to further our talents!

...
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ M.M.Hossen Khokon, May 10, 2010
Thanks Mr. Shafiul Islam for his writings.

Aziza madam is a crown woman in this sector who has taken such type of decision to be a textile engineer in that time. Now lots of women are educated in this field.

Anyway please write about

Textile and garment sectors contribute more than 80% of our export but there is no research institute. It's a shame for us. Lots of foreigners are working in this sector. But we the Bangladeshi are not capable for this? What do you think?

Thanks,

Khokon

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, May 10, 2010
Khokon, Thanks for your thoughts. We all can make a difference!

What about BTMC?
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Md Mirjahan Khan, November 29, 2010
first of all I think I should be sorry, If I make any mistake in my comment. My confusion is all about the industries related to BTMC. Because the private textile industries are making profit with little investment and expanding dramatically, but the industries under BTMC have not seen profit for many years and are almost closed. Why this situation come and can it be overcome?

...
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Md Didarul Islam Rupon, February 01, 2011
I am Student of textile engineer.I got inspiration by Aziza silvia because i am bograr chol.

āϏুāϤা āφāĻŽāĻĻাāύিāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻĒাāϰে্‌...
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ āĻŽোঃ āĻļাāĻŽীāĻŽ āϰেāϜা , August 24, 2011
My name is shamim , I am a student of Pabna Textile Engineering College , university of Rajshahi. Now i am in B.Sc. in Textile Engineering final year student., i have a some comments____________āχāĻĻািāύং āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ি āϝে āϏুāϤাāϰ āĻĻাāĻŽ āφāĻ—েāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāχ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŦে⧜ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে । world market a āϤুāϞাāϰ āĻĻাāĻŽ āĻŦা⧜াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে, āĻāĻ›া⧜াāĻ“ āφāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•াāϰāύে। āϤাāχ ৈāϤিāϰ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻļāĻ“ āĻŦāϏ্āϤেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻŦে⧜ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে । āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļুāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ি āϝে āϏুāϤাāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ count āĻāϰ āύিāϚে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏুāϤা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻাāĻŽে ,āĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļ India āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāĻĻাāύি āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে । āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি India āϤে āωāύ্āύāϤ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻļিāύ āĻĻাāϰা Secondary āϤুāϞা āĻ•ে recycling āĻ•āϰে āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āωāύ্āϤ āĻāϰ āϏুāϤা āĻ•āĻŽ cost āĻ ৈāϤিāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে । āĻāĻŦং world market āĻ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰ āϘāϟāĻ›ে ।āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•ি āĻĒাāϰি āύা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āωāύ্āύāϤ āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻļিāύ āφāĻŽāĻĻেāύি āĻ•āϰা āύāϤুāύ āύāϤুāύ spinning mill established āĻ•āϰে Secondary āϤুāϞা āĻ•ে recycling āĻ•āϰে āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āωāύ্āϤ āĻāϰ āϏুāϤা ৈāϤিāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে ? āĻāϤে āĻĻেāĻļে āϏুāϤাāϰ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš āĻŦাāϰāĻŦে। āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻাāĻŽে āϏুāϤা āφāĻŽāĻĻাāύি āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āύা।

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, February 20, 2012
Greetings Md Mirjahan Khan,

Thank you for your thoughts and concerns. Unfortunately we cannot comment on BTMC's activity and productivity. But we feel we all can do our part - empower ourselves, dare to dream and exceed expectations.

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, February 20, 2012

Greetings Md Didarul Islam Rupon,
Thanks for your wonderful thoughts....

āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ• āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ: āφāϜিāϜা āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āϏিāϞāĻ­ি⧟া
āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ Shafiul Islam, February 20, 2012

Greetings āĻŽোঃ āĻļাāĻŽীāĻŽ āϰেāϜা,
We appreciate your thoughts. If you really believe in the project, nobody can stop you to go ahead and make a difference. Good luck to your journey. Thanks again.
· · · Share · Delete



Thursday, 22 February 2007

Ustad Allah Rakha & Zakir Hussain Tabla Solo Teental

Ustad Allah Rakha & Zakir Hussain Tabla Solo Teental


Ustad Allah Rakha & Zakir Hussain Tabla Solo Teental

past594past594·27 videos
750
775,691
Like 1,687     Dislike 35
Uploaded on Feb 22, 2007
Ustad Allah Rakha & Zakir Hussain Tabla Solo Teental
  • Category

  • License

    Standard YouTube License

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤুāĻŽি - āĻļāĻĢিāĻ•ুāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻšাāϰ

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤুāĻŽি - āĻļāĻĢিāĻ•ুāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻšাāϰ



Karon Tumi :: Shafiqul Islam Bahar :: Jhenaidaher Likhiera :: 2007 Feb 22
āĻ—ে⧟েāĻ›েāύ - āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒী : āϏুāĻŦীāϰ āύāύ্āĻĻী 


Global Textile and Clothing Trade Environment: Challenges and Growth Opportunities

 ~ Shafiul Islam





āĻিāύাāχāĻĻāĻšেāϰ āϞিāĻ–ি⧟েāϰা :: āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāύা āĻšাāĻļিāĻŽ āĻŽিāϞāύ
āϏিঁ⧜ি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļāύ, āĻĸাāĻ•া। ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§­ āĻĢেāĻŦ্āϰু⧟াāϰি ⧍⧍
Jhenaidahr Likhiera :: Edited by Hashim Milon. Shiri Prokashon. 2007 February 22. 318 Pages. Price: Tk. 250.
ISBN: 984-8256-7-4

http://biggani.org/?p=6040

https://www.facebook.com/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-108313520969567/photos/a.108422377625348/124856812648571


āĻļāĻĢিāωāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ
Published: 20070222
Last Updated: 20200905

Sunday, 18 February 2007

Resources

Little World !
"If we could shrink the Earth's population to a village of precisely 100 people with all existing human ratios remaining the same, it would look like this:

There would be 57 Asians, 21 Europeans, 14 from the Western Hemisphere (North and South) and 8 Africans.

51 would be female; 49 would be male.
70 would be non-white; 30 white.
70 would be non-Christian; 30 Christian.

50% of the entire world's wealth would be in the hands of only 6 people and all 6 would be citizens of the United States.

80 would live in substandard housing.
70 would be unable to read.
50 would suffer from malnutrition.
1 would be near death, 1 would be near birth.
Only 1 would have a college education.
No one would own a computer.

When one considers our world from such an incredibly compressed perspective, the need for both tolerance and understanding becomes glaringly apparent".



-- Shared by Dr Sharif from Japan



Instructions for Life !
Take into account that great love and great achievements involve great risk.
When you lose, don't lose the lesson.
Follow the three Rs: Respect for self Respect for others and Responsibility for all your actions.
Remember that not getting what you want is sometimes a wonderful stroke of luck.
Learn the rules so you know how to break them properly.
Don't let a little dispute injure a great friendship.
When you realize you've made a mistake, take immediate steps to correct it.
Spend some time alone every day.
Open your arms to change, but don't let go of your values.
Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer.
Live a good, honourable life. Then when you get older and think back, you'll be able to enjoy it a second time.
A loving atmosphere in your home is the foundation for your life.
In disagreements with loved ones, deal only with the current situation. Don't bring up the past.
Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality. Be gentle with the earth.
Once a year, go someplace you've never been before.
Remember that the best relationship is one in which your love for each other exceeds your need for each other.
Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it.
Approach love and cooking with reckless abandon.


-- Dalai Lama 



Do Anyway !
"People are unreasonable, illogical and self-centered.
Love them anyway.

If you do good, people will accuse you of selfish, ulterior motives.
Do good anyway.

If you are successful, you will win false friends and true enemies.
Succeed anyway.

The good you do today will be forgotten tomorrow.
Do good anyway.

Honesty and frankness make you vulnerable.
Be honest and frank anyway.

The biggest people with the biggest ideas can be shot down by the smallest people with the smallest minds.
Think big anyway.

People favor underdogs but follow only top dogs.
Fight for the underdog anyway.

What you spend years building may be destroyed overnight.
Build anyway.

People really need help, but may attack you if you help them.
Help people anyway.

Give the world the best you’ve got and you’ll get kicked in the teeth.
Give the world the best you’ve got anyway."

-- Mother Teresa (was born in Macedonia, on August 27, 1910 and died on September 5, 1997.)






The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People !
"Achieving unity – oneness – with ourselves, with our loved ones, with our friends and working associates, is the highest and best and most delicious fruit of the 7 Habits.

You can build bridges of trust that span the gaps of understanding between you and others if you cultivate the habit of always keeping the promises you make.

Clear guidance and security bring true wisdom, and wisdom becomes the spark or catalyst to release and direct power.

Real self-respect comes from true independence, from dominion over self.

Between response and stimulus is our greater power… the freedom to choose.

Integrity, in reality, is as simple as this : treat everyone by the same set of principles. This will enable people to trust you.

You can be synergistic within yourself even in the midst of an adverserial environment. You can sidestep negative energy and utilize the good in others to improve your point of view and perspective.

Win-Win is a belief in the third alternative. It`s not your way or my way; it`s a better way, a higher way.

We create a fundamental paradigm of effective living by centering our lives on unchanging, timeless principles. It is the center that puts all other centers in perspective.

It is inspiring to realize that in choosing our response to circumstance, we powerfully affect our circumstance. When we change one part of the chemical formula, we change the nature of the results.

The value of any week is not limited to what we do in it; it`s also in what we learn from it.

The source of our security, guidance, wisdom, and power is whatever is at the center of our life."

-- Stephen R. Covey
The Facts of Life !
"This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that, because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realised that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done".
Customer SERVICE Commitment CSC !
"I AM PART OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT TEAM THAT IS COMMITTED TO:-

Smile be friendly & give your undivided attention
Every customer is important
Respond promptly & take action to meet the needs of our customers
Value the customer, use their name and give yours as a point of contact
Investigate any problems & apologise if the team has made an error
Communicate relevant information clearly & concisely without using jargon, check understanding
Excellent SERVICE leads to valued sales"

CUSTOMER SERVICE

"Rule No. 1: Customer is always right
Rule No. 2: In doubt, refer to the Rule No. 1"
Total Knowledge System
The broad classification:
000 Generalities
100 Phylosophy and Psychology
200 Religion
300 Social Science
400 Language
500 Natural Science and Mathematics
600 Technology - Applied Science
700 The Arts - Fine Arts
800 Literature and Rhetorics
900 Geography and History